Sesame oil was, as is suggested in this passage, the most common oil in Babylonia, as olive oil was in Ere Israel. Used in rituals and spells, rosemary promotes love, long life, and happiness. Diatoms magnified under a microscope. In the Annual Energy Outlook 2022 Reference case, the U.S. Energy Information Administration projects U.S. total consumption of petroleum and other liquids to increase in most years through 2050. So, without further ado, lets get into the best essential oils for spiritual cleansing and protection! The former was too volatile and inflammable to be used as fuel, and a case is actually cited of a mother-in-law planning and carrying out the murder of her daughter-in-law by telling her to adorn herself with it and then light the lamp (Shab. You can also Contact Us by email us for more information . (See OLIVE . patchouli. limsho'a) over them a king." 31-33). Imagine yourself surrounded by white light and that nothing bad can penetrate it. 23:5). The method now generally practiced of crushing the fruit and kernels with an edgerunner mill probably dates from Roman times. Do this often. What are petroleum products, and what is petroleum used for? 21:17). Plastic is produced from crude oil and it can be sued in the packaging of food, PVC, and many others. 104:1), disgrace (Job 8:22), etc. Petroleum which is an unrefined crude oil manufactures products such as nylon, polyethylene which all used for the fabrics to make the clothes we put on. Gasoline, which represents nearly 45% of the domestic production of all refined products, is the petroleum product most demanded by U.S. consumers. Data source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Petroleum and Other LiquidsProduct Supplied, as of May 2022 Olive oil replaces butter to a large extent in the diet of the people of the Mediterranean countries. It creates a sympathetic vibration and is known for its ability to calm the nervous system. 29:40; Num. The reasons for using crude oil were that crude oil was inexpensive (66.4%) and that available hospitals were costly and/or inefficient (61.9%). Greenhouse gas data, voluntary reporting, electric power plant emissions. Oil was poured on or mixed with the flour or meal used in offerings. meshach, a Chaldaic word, occurs twice: Ezra 6:9; 7:22. elaion, is the New Testament term. Petroleum 101: Types of oil and differentials - Context Magazine by CAPP In Palestine are many homes where a most primitive form of lamp similar to those employed by the Israelites is still in use. Vetiver is associated with tranquility, mental protection, wisdom, centering, intuition, peace, and luck. 30:20; Lev. You can call us at (800) 299-3991. Besides the products directly derived from the crude oil, there are over 6000 items derived from petroleum byproducts. The stones are cut from native limestone and are turned by horses or mules. The fruit thus softened may be trod out with the feet (Micah 6:15)--which is now seldom practiced--or crushed in a handmill. The highly concentrated oil thats steam-distilled from the leaves of the Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) tree has been used medicinally since the 1700s. In the ritual purification of a person who has recovered from leprosy oil plays a major role. gat shemen [,m,v], lit. Spiritually, sandalwood improves the physical well-being of men and women. A. Balchin, ISBE, 3:585-86; D. E. Fleming, The Installation of Baal's High Priestess at Emar; R. J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology; R. T. France, NIDNTT, 2:710-13; H. N. Moldenke and A. L. Moldenke, Plants of the Bible; J. F. Ross, IDB, 3:592-93; H. Schlier, TDNT, 2:470-73; J. Silence facilitates energy rebalancing. A recent text from Emar (ca. You can rub sage essential oil on the bodys pulse points. They fulfilled the same needs, for fuel, light, and food. Mc-Carthy, in: VT, 14 (1964), 21521; J.S. 21:6). Selenite cleanses as well. 7 Important uses Of Crude Oil Plastic Clothing lo.observe(document.getElementById(slotId + '-asloaded'), { attributes: true });Crude oil is so very much important in plant earth and can be used for different purposes. Olive trees took a long time to grow and mature, but they also lasted for hundreds of years. From the kitchen utensils like pot, spoon, and other domestic appliances like the AC, TV, fans, and others. Some examples include fertilizer, perfume, insecticides, soap, and vitamin capsules. Many Biblical references indicate the use of oil as a cosmetic (Exodus 25:6; Deuteronomy 28:40; Ruth 3:3; 2Samuel 12:20; 14:2; Esther 2:12; Psalms 23:5; 92:10; 104:15; 141:5; Ezekiel 16:9; Micah 6:15; Luke 7:46). Click to enlarge LONDON, March 3 (Reuters) - The sacred oil which will be used to anoint King Charles at his coronation in May has been consecrated in Jerusalem, reflecting the British monarch's links to the Holy . 45:8), and favor (Deut. You can also Contact Us for more information. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Total world consumption of petroleum in 2019 was about 100.37 million b/d. 2. 10:3; see *Mourning ). I would say this is the most important use of crude oil in the modern age. 2008 The Gale Group. Total consumption levels of petroleum and other liquids are projected to be about 14% greater in 2050 than in 2021. 2011;11(2):1577. 28:5). BMJ Glob Health. Pastor Chris speaks on the lies agaist him at 31st Night Service- a Testimony / Are All Sins Equal In The Eyes of God? Careers. This grade of oil, known as beaten oil (Heb. These above materials come from crude oil and without it, there would be no toy. Negative energy is a vibration that feels uncomfortable. Some people go a step further to describe it as, a dissonant frequency. But overall, they are one and the same. Reports requested by congress or otherwise deemed important. While Saul, David, Hazael, and Jehu were anointed by prophets, Solomon and Jehoash were anointed by priests. How Daniels Prophecy of 70 Weeks Connects to the End Times. NB:- na early mormor so e go dey very effective Re: I Heard Rubbing Crude Oil Chases Away Evil Spirits.. 8:79), and anointing his head with oil (Lev. Remembering 9/11 Years Later: Where Were You On That Fateful Day? 45:1), while he refers to the rulers whom the Lord will subdue for Cyrus simply as "kings." There are six types of crude oil: light/sweet, light/sour, medium/sweet, medium/sour, heavy/sweet, and heavy/sour. Types of crude oil: heavy, light, sweet and sour. ), Of the numerous substances, animal and vegetable, which were known to the ancients as yielding oil, the olive berry is the one of which most frequent mention is made in the Scriptures. The second step in the preparation of the oil is the expression. When the price of oil falls, almost everything goes with it and vice versa. Following a major loss or change. ), however, refers to the anointing of a priestess there. The largest share of crude is used for energy carriers that can be combined into gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, and heating oils. It is composed of hydrocarbon deposits and. An individual's voluntary meal offering could be of five types, all of which included oil. Inhalations with rosemary oil boost memory. Other chemicals derived from processing oil and natural gas are called petrochemicals and are used to make thousands of non-fuel products. The juice which runs from the press, consisting of oil, extractive matter and water, is conducted to vats or run into jars and allowed to stand until the oil separates. National Library of Medicine Shemen, literally, "fat," corresponds to the common Arabic senin of similar meaning, although now applied to boiled butter fat. Myth Or Fact? 21:17, 20), while the historical books of the Bible testify to its having been guarded as were silver and gold (I Chron. Myth Or Fact? In connection with the burial of the dead: Egyptian papyri mention this use. Oil plays a major role in modern society, more than we often realize. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - U.S. Energy Information ( Exodus 22:29 ; 23:16 ; Numbers 18:12 ) Tithes of oil were also required. Their ages ranged from 19 to 47 years with a mean of 33.72 9.45 years. Although, as stated above, the only oil employed to any extent in biblical times was *olive oil, in the period of the Talmud, many other oils (and fats) were in common use. Total distillate fuel oil consumption in 2021 averaged about 3.94 million b/d (669 million gallons per day), equal to 29% of total U.S. petroleum consumption. Perception and care-seekling behaviour for post partum morbidity among mothers in Enugu south east, Nigeria. Results: Bookshelf ins.dataset.adClient = pid; The image of two olive trees supplying one lampstand with oil suggests that these two men together were the means through which the Lord would bless Israel. Crude is also used to create the asphalt that cars and trucks move on. Basil, or spirit plant, is a family protector, and the burning of basil essential oils can help you eliminate negativity and soothe home quarrels. Listen to an auric field protection on YT. Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Get Your Bible Minute in Your Inbox Every Morning, The most common word for "oil" in the Old Testament is the Hebrew word shemen [,m,v]. 12:20; Dan. These were (1) raw flour on which oil and frankincense were poured; (2) unleavened cakes mixed with oil; (3) unleavened wafers spread with oil; (4) broken griddle cakes on which oil was poured; and (5) choice flour fried in oil (Lev. D.J. Exod 29:37 ). There was no statistically significant association between marital status and the use of crude oil as traditional medicine (2 = 1.24, p = 0.265, RR= 0.793, CI = 0.545-1.255 ). Consumption of most petroleum products in 2021 was higher than in 2020. To a different category belong balsam oil and rose oil, which were used as unguents. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. 41:23). This product also makes modern furniture manufacturing possible. The 10 largest oil1 producers and share of total world oil production2 in 20213 1 Oil includes crude oil, all other petroleum liquids, and biofuels. The reasons for using crude oil were that crude oil was inexpensive (66.4%) and that available hospitals were costly and/or inefficient (61.9%). It has been used for thousands of years to neutralize energy. Despite this widespread use there are no known studies from the region on the use of crude oil in this way. Petroleum provides the ingredients that are essential in products like soaps, detergents, and paints. It is not surprising, therefore, that the consecration of Aaron to the priesthood included washing (Lev. This breaks down the oil cells and causes a more abundant flow of oil. 5 Common Uses of Oil - Biltmore Oil For usage information, please read the Baker Book House Copyright Statement. It served as fuel for the lamp in the Tabernacle (Ex. Reserves, production, prices, employment and productivity, distribution, stocks, imports and exports. Oils - Jewish Virtual Library ins.style.height = container.attributes.ezah.value + 'px'; What Does It Mean That There Is No One Holy Like God? From the association of oil with vigor and fertility (Ps. From early Egyptian literature down to late Arabic medical works, oil is mentioned as a valuable remedy. window.ezoSTPixelAdd(slotId, 'stat_source_id', 44); As an element in the normal grooming of all classes of people in the Ancient Near East, anointing with oil, like the washing that preceded and the dressing that followed it (Ezek. Asphalt is easier to lay than concrete and is generally cheaper as a result. This liquid forms as a result of the decomposition of organic material that dates back millions of years. Maps by energy source and topic, includes forecast maps. The same idea is present in the consecration of the tabernacle and especially the priesthood. 25b). var ins = document.createElement('ins'); The use of it was a sign of gladness ( Psalms 92:10 ; Isaiah 61:3 ), and its omission a token of sorrow ( 2Samuel 14:2 ; Matthew 6:17 ). yitshar, literally, "glistening," which occurs less frequently, is used possibly because of the light-giving quality of olive oil, or it may have been used to indicate fresh oil, as the clean, newly pressed oil is bright. If your business is in need of bulk fuels, give us a call at (800) 299-3991. Lavender is a type of flowering plant which belongs to the mint family. Uranium fuel, nuclear reactors, generation, spent fuel. EIA's free and open data available as API, Excel add-in, bulk files, and widgets. Nairaland - Copyright 2005 - 2023 Oluwaseun Osewa. Pastor Chris speaks on the lies agaist him at 31st Night Service- a Testimony. Uses of Crude Oil. More than 85% of crude oil is refined into fuels like gasoline, diesel, and hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) like propane and butane. FOIA Crude Oil - Overview, Importance, How To Classify Heavier products are used to make tar, asphalt, paraffin wax, and lubricating oils. If you feel that your aura is a bitoff or that your vibe is generally just a tad flat, there are essential oils that can protect and cleanse your spiritual energy. 11:8; I Kings 7:12), oil played a role also in sacrifices, which are called God's bread (Heb. An official website of the United States government. READ MORE: Broken Glass Spiritual Meaning. Lavender? Who knows. Thus while Jacob prayed for bread to eat and clothing to wear (Gen. 28:20), Hosea described Israel's basic needs as bread and water, wool and flax, oil and drink (Hos. However, you need to be very humble and not angry because everyone needs to benefit from this technique, not just you. Ghanaian Man Chases Jehovah's Witnesses Out Of His House By Stripping Unclad, Seeing Demons, Angels, Fallen Angels, Spirits.. - Hsp's, Congregation Chases Pastor From Church For Impregnating Member. It is also known as a great help for memory consolidation and fortifying and is associated with friendship, passion, and mental power. 8:1011), anointing with oil is associated with the dedication of temples as well as of people. Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions at the State Level, through 2018, Monthly Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production, Annual Solar Photovoltaic Module Shipments Report, Midwest and Rocky Mountain Transportation Fuels Markets, East Coast and Gulf Coast Transportation Fuels Markets. Naphtha (/ n p / or / n f /) is a flammable liquid hydrocarbon mixture.. Mixtures labelled naphtha have been produced from natural gas condensates, petroleum distillates, and the distillation of coal tar and peat.In different industries and regions naphtha may also be crude oil or refined products such as kerosene.. Nephi and naphthar are sometimes used as synonyms. 27:20; Lev. Oil was used by the Jews for anointing the body, e.g. Lavender can scatter depression and helps control our emotions. Here Are 10 Essential Oils For Spiritual Protection & Cleansing: #1 Basil Basil is a symbol of fertility. Used in powering up industries and companies. The oil for "the light" was expressly ordered to be olive oil, beaten. 12:20; Dan. In the industrial sector, the petrochemical industry uses petroleum as a raw material (a feedstock) to make products such as plastics, polyurethane, solvents, and hundreds of other intermediate and end-user goods. 2. Non-Fuel Products of Oil and Gas - American Geosciences Institute government site. 9:78), as a fuel for lamps (Ex. READ MORE: Methodist vs Presbyterian Comparison. Although the majority of participants (78.86%) had a minimum of primary education level (educated group), the uneducated participants were significantly more likely to use crude oil (2 = 62. 73a), they were comparatively expensive and stated to be dearer than wheat, dates, or pomegranates (BM 21a, 104b). Types of Crude Oil - The Balance PDF Physical and Chemical Properties of Crude Oils and Their - IJSR How much oil is consumed in the United States? Bibliography Information Orr, James, M.A., D.D. Oil used in this way was usually scented (see OINTMENT). Gathering , --The olive berry was either gathered by hand or shaken off carefully with a light reed or stick. 40:10), oil served as an element in food (I Kings 17:12), as a cosmetic (Eccles. 8:6, 13, 30). Seeking the Gospel in Malachi, the Last Book of the Old Testament. The first two Mishnayot of the second chapter of tractate Shabbat give a comprehensive list: pitch, wax, kik-oil, tail fat, tallow, both melted and solid, sesame oil, nut oil, fish oil, colocynth oil, tar, and naphtha. It promotes healing and increases courage. With this, there is electricity and it would make work to be done in an easy way. Copyright 2023, Bible Study Tools. These rites symbolize the restoration of God's favor and the return of honor and joy to a man who had previously been disgraced and who had observed rites characteristic of mourning (Lev. Financial market analysis and financial data for major energy companies. Bibliography. The practice of anointing kings with oil is well known in Israel. Used in clothing This is a good and common use of crude oil. Joy is described as the oil of joy (Isaiah 61:3), or the oil of gladness (Psalms 45:7; Hebrews 1:9). This essential oil helps in all rituals that involve peace, sex, and love. Burn sage and call out to tell them they're not wanted and to leave your home and stay away from you and your loved ones. become viscous (Ezekiel 32:14). Oil is still used in this manner by the Arabs, principally to keep the skin and scalp soft when traveling in dry desert regions where there is no opportunity to bathe. of The percentage share of total U.S. petroleum consumption by major end-use sectors in 2021 was: The five largest petroleum-consuming countries, and their percentage shares of total world petroleum consumption in 2019, were. 22:6, etc.). (7) In offerings. The contrast between these two terms in this verse suggests the latter translation. The anointing of kings, attested among peoples of the Ancient Near East only in Israel and among the Hittites, is mentioned in the Bible in connection with Saul (I Sam. As oil was apparently applied to leather shields to keep them supple, the expression "to oil a shield" (masha magen) came to be an idiom for "to make war" (Isa. var alS = 1002 % 1000; Energy is the most common use of crude oil. Sulfur. Oil was carried into Egypt, i.e. Thus King Solomon traded 1,000 kor of wheat and 20 kor of beaten oil annually in exchange for a steady supply of cedar and cypress wood from Sidon (I Kings 5:2425; II Chron. The uses and benefits of crude oil are numerous and the world would be a different place without it. 4. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 2 Includes other liquids not included in the table. Here is a recipe for Black Arts Oil. 9:9), joy (Ps. ", See also Anoint; Holy, Holiness; Offerings and Sacrifices; Priest, Priesthood. The oil cleans and purifies the human energy level, increases the flow of vital energy both in the mental and emotional bodies. 15 Numbers You Need To Know To Make Smart Financial Decisions, The Grow Your Dough Throwdown 2.0 Blogger Investing Challenge With Motif Investing, 21 Easy Ways To Earn Free Amazon Gift Cards, 10 Best Free Tax Filing Services And Software Online, 17 TV Apps And Live TV Streaming Services To Watch TV Free, 17 Best Work From Home Jobs: A List Of Legit Online Jobs That Pay Well, How To Hire A Contractor For Your Remodeling Project. Before or during a shift in your perception about yourself and your life. Gasoline is the most consumed petroleum product in the United States. 1 Includes biofuels in gasoline and in distillate fuels. It promotes protection, clairvoyance, divination, and meditation. This product makes machinery move by providing the lubrication oil that modern industrial equipment depends on to run smoothly. Symmachus declares that the only animal oil which may be used for the Sabbath lamp is fish oil and there is no doubt that other oils of animal origin were known and used for secular purposes (Shab. The transportation sector accounts for the largest share of U.S. petroleum consumption. 16:910; Ruth 3:3), was symbolic of a change in status throughout the Ancient Near East. Basil, or spirit plant, is a family protector, and the burning of basil essential oils can help you eliminate negativity and soothe home quarrels. Oil presses are mentioned in Nehardea and Pumbedita (BK 27b). Introduction: Moreover, it strengthens self-love and increases awareness at all levels by inspiring and awakening spiritual senses. 16:13). Many queer prescriptions contain olive oil as one of their ingredients. Along with being fuels for transportation, heating, and cooking, HGLs . Crude Oil - Major Uses The Uses And Benefits Of Crude Oil - Petroleum Refinery Equipment For Wormwood. Jet fuel consumption averaged about 1.37 million b/d (58 million gallons per day) in 2021, accounting for about 7% of total petroleum consumption. In Italy, basil is known as a symbol of love because its leaves are shaped like a heart. The volume of total transportation sector liquid fuels consumption is projected to be about the same in 2050 as in 2021. container.appendChild(ins); The priests therefore became the mediators that stood between the "common" people and the immediate presence and holiness of God in the tabernacle. a treaty was made with that country (Hosea 12:1). See How To Advertise. Oil was regarded as a symbol of honor (Judg. Crude oil has been used in many of the advancements that have occurred over the past century and a half and continues to bring benefits to the world. Petroleum products are fuels made from crude oil and . The uses and benefits of crude oil are numerous and the world would be a different place without it. The toys are plastic and could also be alloy. Naphtha - Wikipedia i heard that rubbing crude oil on the body helps to stop spiritual attacks is this true of Just a myth . If you need wholesale fuel, contact the experts at Kendrick Oil. 26-28). Why Is It Important To Have Health Coverage, Even If You're Healthy? U.S. OILS (Heb. 28Disclaimer: Every Nairaland member is solely responsible for anything that he/she posts or uploads on Nairaland. Where do hydrocarbon gas liquids come from? Source: Encyclopaedia Judaica. It helps in all rituals that involve health, love, and peace. Olive oil has been obtained, from the earliest times, by pressing the fruit in such a way as to filter out the oil and other liquids from the residue. 3 spiritual Uses of crude oil..A must watch - YouTube Abundant oil was a figure of general prosperity (Deuteronomy 32:13; 33:24; 2Kings 18:32; Job 29:6; Joel 2:19,24). Write down all the things and beings in your life for which you are grateful. 26a). / Simple Question For Christians And Creationists? Perfumed oil was among the treasures which Hezekiah revealed to Merodach-Baladan (II Kings 20:13; Isa. Subscribe to feeds for updates on EIA products including Today in Energy and What's New. The proportion of mothers using crude oil was significantly higher among those whose occupation was fishing (2 = 10.98, p = 0.001, RR = 1.629, CI = 1.198-2.232 ). Global crude oil demand. MeSH As an extension of its use in the preparation of food, oil occupied a place in sacrifices. READ MORE: Spiritual Meaning of Black Cat Crossing Your Path. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Heating this material and other petroleum products can warm homes in colder weather, making modern living possible even in colder climates. In the Jerusalem Talmud (Shab. Lebanon and other districts. It facilitates increased awareness of the spiritual realms and deepens any secular experience. Smoky quartz is another one that transforms bad energy into positive energy. Crude oil exists as a liquid that rests in various formations deep within the Earths crust. The A.Psulphur, oxygen, carbondioxide, nitrogen and trace metals. Olive oil when properly made and stored will keep sweet for years, hence, was a good form of merchandise to hold. Crude Oil Uses, Properties & Concerns | What is Crude Oil - Study.com It generally has a low wax content. As an element in baking (Num. Crude oil and other hydrocarbons exist in liquid or gaseous form in underground pools or reservoirs, in tiny spaces within sedimentary rocks, and near the earth's surface in tar (or oil) sands. Lets take a look at few uses of crude oil below. Deutero-Isaiah thus calls Cyrus the Lord's "anointed" (Isa. Fractional distillation of crude oil - BBC Bitesize valerian root. The custom of making offerings of oil to holy places still survives in oriental religions. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000895. What's Made from a Barrel of Oil? - Visual Capitalist . Barrel of Oil to Functional Fuel and More. Mothers older than 30 years were significantly more likely to use crude oil than those younger than 30 years (X2= 4.56, p = 0.033, RR = 0.737, CI = 0.548-0.990). Vetiver oil is distilled from the vetiver plants roots, which are aged before being soaked in water. This method gives a delicious oil, but is wasteful. OECD: oil demand share by sector | Statista Likewise the noun "anointed one" (Heb. Although extensively cultivated (BB 106a, Git. Lesson plans, science fair experiments, field trips, teacher guide, and career corner. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Zeit usually means olive oil, unless some qualifying name indicates another oil. These presses are now being almost wholly superseded by hydraulic presses. Where our oil comes from - Energy Information Administration Cursing becomes a habit with the wicked as readily as oil soaks into bones (Psalms 109:18). It allows a connection in the field in which the physical and the emotional are intertwined. 59:7), honor (Ps. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Clove essential oil is derived from the flower buds of the Eugenia caryophyllata tree. 7:1) because both are so costly to obtain. These mills are of crude construction. Basil oil is also associated with clairvoyance and honesty. ben shemen) for "fertile" (Isa. All rights reserved. International energy information, including overviews, rankings, data, and analyses. [11] Painting Main article: Oil painting Color pigments are easily suspended in oil, making it suitable as a supporting medium for paints. As a sign of judgment Micah predicted that the nation of Israel "will press olives" but not have the opportunity to "use the oil" (6:15). 1. The corresponding Arabic zeit, a contraction of zeitun, which is the name for the olive tree as well as the fruit, is now applied to oils in general, to distinguish them from solid fats. with a similar number of carbon atoms and a similar range of boiling points. According to Exodus 30:22-33 Moses was to mix a special "sacred anointing oil" (vv. Therefore, a good oil supply was a sign of stability and prosperity (e.g., Deut 8:8 ; 33:24 ; 2 Kings 20:13 ; Psalm 92:10 ; Prov 21:20 ; Isa 39:2 ; Joel 2:19 Joel 2:24 ). The use of this product is encouraged the country's costly and inefficient health system. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[336,280],'allusesof_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_5',106,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-allusesof_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');Crude oil is the major raw material in most nations all over the world. Sources of healthcare financing among surgical patients in a rural Niger Delta practice in Nigeria. Spiritual dreams are most likely to occur during the following periods in your life: 1. Crude oil is a naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbons found underground.